A responsible look at daycare has to include the harder findings too. Here's what research says about stress and behavior — and, importantly, what reduces it.
The finding parents should know
Normally, the stress hormone cortisol is high in the morning and falls through the day. But research has repeatedly found that many young children show a rise in cortisol across the daycare day — the opposite of the home pattern — especially children under about 3.
| One full-day-care study found, across the day: | At child care | At home |
|---|---|---|
| Infants whose cortisol rose | ~35% | fell for ~71% |
| Toddlers whose cortisol rose | ~71% | fell for ~64% |
Figures from a study of infants and toddlers in full-day, center-based care (Watamura et al.). Patterns vary by child and setting.
The crucial part: quality changes everything
This is not a reason to avoid care — it's a reason to choose warm, well-organized care. Research shows the cortisol rise is smaller in higher-quality settings, and that sensitive, responsive caregivers, calmer/quieter rooms and smaller, organized groups buffer children's stress. A secure bond with one consistent caregiver is especially protective.
And the behavior question
The NICHD study found a high quantity of hours was modestly linked to more caregiver-reported behavior issues — but again, quality and warmth mattered more than hours alone. The effects were small relative to family and parenting.
What reduces stress in care
- Small groups and a consistent, responsive caregiver
- Gentle transitions and predictable routines
- Calm, low-noise environments and plenty of comfort
- Time outdoors and unhurried one-on-one moments
From Shadi: This research shaped how I run my day. Cuddles, calm voices, the same trusted face every morning, and never rushing a child through a feeling — that's how little ones stay regulated.
References & further reading
- Morning-to-afternoon cortisol in infants & toddlers at child care — Univ. of Minnesota (Watamura et al.)
- Toddlers' cortisol in childcare and at home (2024) — Early Education & Development (2024)
- NICHD: hours of care & behavior — SAGE / NICHD
Summarized in our own words for education — not medical advice. Follow the links for full study detail; always consult your pediatrician.
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